A municipal bond (muni), is a debt security issued by a state, municipality, county or municipal entity to finance its capital expenditures (including construction projects) or for general financing of that municipality. The size and scope of this market is impressive.
There are over 50,000 different issuers of municipal bonds, resulting in over 1 million different issues outstanding in the U.S. In fact, as of 2017, the total value of all municipal bonds was almost $4 trillion. Most municipal bonds are exempt from federal taxes as well as most state and local taxes, which can make them especially attractive to retail investors, particularly those in high-income tax brackets.
Broadly speaking, there are two types of municipal bonds.
What Are the Two Types of Municipal Bonds?
What is the Difference Between General Obligation Bonds vs. Revenue Bonds
A general obligation bond (GO) is issued by a state or city and is not backed by revenue from any specific project. Instead, these bonds are backed by the general taxing authority of the municipality which can include, sales tax, property tax and income tax. Therefore, these bonds have multiple sources of revenue (predominantly taxes) backing the security.
By contrast, a revenue bond, (Rev) is a bond which is secured by the revenue generated by a specific project (such as toll roads, bridges, convention centers, stadiums). These bonds are like loans for projects where the bondholders will receive interest and their principal from the revenue generated when the project is completed.
Benefits of Investing in Municipal Bonds
What makes municipal bonds most attractive is the tax status on interest income received. Unlike corporate bonds which are fully taxable to the investor, municipal bonds offer the following tax advantages:
