Contrary to widespread belief, imports do not subtract from GDP despite the fact that imports are part of the equation.
Let’s start with the definition.
GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)
GDP Components
Wait a second. It says right there that imports are subtracted. Yes, it does, but it is a mirage.
Gross Domestic Product
GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value, expressed in dollars, of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a given year.
The key word is “domestic”.
Imports are not domestic. Shouldn’t they be subtracted?
The answer is only if they were incorrectly totaled in the first place.
Correcting Misconceptions
The St. Louis Fed discussed this today in How Do Imports Affect GDP?
When the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) measures economic output, it categorizes spending with the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA). Some of this spending, which is counted as C, I, and G, is spent on imported goods. As such, the value of imports must be subtracted to ensure that only spending on domestic goods is measured in GDP. For example, $30,000 spent on an imported car is counted as a personal consumption expenditure (C), but then the $30,000 is subtracted as an import (M) to ensure that only the value of domestic production is counted.
As such, the imports variable (M) functions as an accounting variable rather than an expenditure variable. To be clear, the purchase of domestic goods and services increases GDP because it increases domestic production, but the purchase of imported goods and services has no direct impact on GDP.
Controversial Political Issue
In the Introduction to its article, the St. Louis Fed stated: “International trade is measured as part of GDP and is a large and growing component of our nation’s economy. It’s also an important, but controversial, political issue. However, the current textbook and classroom treatment of how international trade is measured as part of GDP can lead to misconceptions if not properly explained.”
